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P C W Davies

The Goldilocks Enigma

The laws of physics sometimes look as if they have been set up to allow for the emergence of life. In 'The Goldilocks Enigma' Paul Davies looks at the various explanations of why this should be so. For some people it is clear evidence of the existence of a deity. Others point to the idea of a multiverse - lots of universes exist, so some are bound to be 'just right' for life. Davies' preferred explanation takes a different tack - mind is central to the universe and participates in its existence. In summary, this book is easy to read but contains plenty of thought provoking material.

Davies devotes much of the first half of the book to explaining the concepts of modern physics and cosmology. Remember, however, that this is a speculative book, rather than one designed to teach you physics. For instance Davies mentions the Hawking-Penrose singularity theorems, but a few pages later says 'A disorderly arrangement of particles moving according to general relativity will generally not all converge to a point' - well my impression is that singularity theorems were proved to show that they will. Now Davies may be justified in saying what he did, but I felt that an opportunity was lost to clarify a difficult subject.

Amazon.com info
Hardcover 336 pages  
ISBN: 0618592261
Salesrank: 291209
Weight:1.1 lbs
Published: 2007 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
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Hardcover 349 pages  
ISBN: 0713998830
Salesrank: 76017
Weight:1.5 lbs
Published: 2006 Allen Lane
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Hardcover 336 pages  
ISBN: 0618592261
Salesrank: 12939
Weight:1.1 lbs
Published: 2007 Houghton Mifflin
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Product Description
Cosmic Jackpot is Paul Davies’s eagerly awaited return to cosmology, the successor to his critically acclaimed bestseller The Mind of God. Here he tackles all the "big questions," including the biggest of them all: Why does the universe seem so well adapted for life?

In his characteristically clear and elegant style, Davies shows how recent scientific discoveries point to a perplexing fact: many different aspects of the cosmos, from the properties of the humble carbon atom to the speed of light, seem tailor-made to produce life. A radical new theory says it’s because our universe is just one of an infinite number of universes, each one slightly different. Our universe is bio-friendly by accident -- we just happened to win the cosmic jackpot.

While this "multiverse" theory is compelling, it has bizarre implications, such as the existence of infinite copies of each of us and Matrix-like simulated universes. And it still leaves a lot unexplained. Davies believes there’s a more satisfying solution to the problem of existence: the observations we make today could help shape the nature of reality in the remote past. If this is true, then life -- and, ultimately, consciousness -- aren’t just incidental byproducts of nature, but central players in the evolution of the universe.

Whether he’s elucidating dark matter or dark energy, M-theory or the multiverse, Davies brings the leading edge of science into sharp focus, provoking us to think about the cosmos and our place within it in new and thrilling ways.
 
Worth Reading *****
Dr. Paul Davies may well be the most accomplished scientist, the clearest writer and the best storyteller writing in this field today. His devotion to the scientific method coupled with the ease with which he is able to describe even the most complicated and perplexing of scientific subjects makes him a worthy successor to Carl Sagan.

In this book, he takes on what may be the biggest question of all. Why does the universe exist and why are humans in it? The book begins with a quick a course in basic physics ranging from thermodynamics right up to the current darling of the moment, M-theory. With this as a foundation he then tackles the anthropic principle, which is why is the world so ordered that humans appeared in it. Fearlessly diving in he presents the latest thinking in the field with special attention to all of the various multiple universe ideas that are now floating around. And some of them are truly bizarre, my favorite is the one were this world is really a computer simulation, a'la the Matrix. This book does indeed show some basic truths about the nature of the universe although they may not have been what they were thought to be.

For what is being shown by this prolixity of theorizing, in many cases going places that the philosophers visited long ago, is the limitation of mathematics in trying to understand reality. For the problem the mathematicians face is the same one that the philosophers faced before them. To find the answer of which they seek, the `whatever it is' that is behind the world we know, you have to have a place to start. You have to have one undeniable rock bottom fact and in a relative universe that is the one thing you do not have. For it must be realized that all of these theories have their origin in the same place, the General Theory of Relativity. Yet using mathematics alone it is not possible to decide which of these ideas are true and which are not. But you say, all of this has to be tempered with experimental evidence, which is true enough. However, when you do this you are plunged into the philosophical problem of what reality is. No, when it comes to absolute certainty of knowledge, they are no further along than the philosophers are.

Davies, or any scientist, does not look at it this way of course. They are unwavering in their belief in the rightness of their paradigm. This never varies throughout the whole of his discourse where the standard model of physics is presented as though it is established fact. It is true that he can cite experimental evidence in his support but it is not quite as solid as you are led to believe. For example, you would never know by reading the discussion of dark matter and dark energy that there are some quite eminent scientists that question whether they even exist at all. Still when all is said and done this book is just a plain good read. Whether one agrees with what he is saying or not you are forced to think and any book that does that is always worth reading.

 
Very thought-provoking book by a brilliant scientist ****
Cosmic Jackpot basically has two parts: an introduction to the principles of cosmology, and a review of the possible explanations as to why the universe is the way it is. Davies draws no firm conclusion as to why the world is suitable for life; he instead discusses in detail all of the various possibilities-the multiverse theory, the anthropic principle, and many others. This is a terrific book,written with a sense of humility and uncertainty.
 
The improbable suitability of physical laws *****
Davies discusses modern physics and summarizes scientists views on why the universe is so perfectly set up to enable life (and consequent intelligent understanding). Only the slightest modifications of the laws of physics would make life impossible so why are these laws the way they are and so improbably suitable?

He shows the tendency of the scientific community to avoid the issue, but answers range from a multiverse in which ours is the lucky one among many (or infinite number), to a self aware intelligent universe generating suitable laws (in the future) with backward causation effected by manipulating time in some unknown way.

He sees human (or consequent machine) intelligence as a fundamental force in its own right, at the moment in a very early stage, but capable of growing over future hundreds of millions of years to a galactic scale. He quotes the idea that a future intelligence altering the functioning of the sun would generate errors for a distant observer that would seem to indicate a failure of physical laws.

Backward causation, or at least selection of outcomes, is supported by Wheelers variant of the two slit light wave/particle experiment and he favours an unknown mechanism behind this by which the future selects between the myriad of past and present possibilities to "enable" itself. Optimum physical laws are then not a "Cosmic Jackpot" but rather a calculated and selected necessity.

A tremendously good and thought provoking book.
 
Doesn't Deliver **
This rambling book does have some bright moments that are a pleasure to read, but ultimately exposes itself as some sort of pseudo-creationist twaddle, a bit reminiscent of the "Privileged Planet" material.

For starters, having just finished a couple books by Victor Stenger (strongly recommended), I see that Davies here seems oblivious that the "fine-tuning" arguments are full of holes, by the standards of modern 21st century thinking. For example, as another poster observed, statistics does not find it strange that someone is *guaranteed* to win a raffle, even the odds for the individual can be quite low. Earth simply won the lottery, so here we are.

The book ends with a bizarre mis-application of quantum physics to living systems, whereas quantum physics is only observable at the atomic scale. Left me scratching my head (and other parts).
 
Life and mind ... etched deeply into the cosmos *****
Paul Davies is a physicist and cosmologist whose web site cosmos.asu.edu also describes his interest in the field of astrobiology: "a new field of research that seeks to understand the origin and evolution of life, and to search for life beyond Earth." Among his many publications, the best known is probably "The Mind of God" in which Davies showed that while concepts outside the realm of science were typically regarded by the science community as irrational, they could not so easily be declared untrue. In Cosmic Jackpot, Davies expands on the "fine-tuning" argument for an intelligent origin of the universe by explaining the many phenomena of which we are aware that point to something more in the nature of "mind" than entirely blind, random processes. If such ideas were proposed by a theologian with only a scant grasp of physics, they might easily be dismissed; Davies' credentials, however, require that his proposals be seriously considered. Davies is not apparently religious or theistic; he says of the subject only that: "I do believe that life and mind are etched deeply into the fabric of the cosmos, perhaps through a shadowy, half-glimpsed life principle, and if I am to be honest I have to concede that this starting point is something I feel more in my heart than in my head. So maybe that is a religious conviction of sorts."

Among the many deep points that Davies raises in the book is the confusion about what preceded the Big Bang: "You can't have time without space, or space without time, so if space cannot be continued back through the big bang singularity, then neither can time. This conclusion carries a momentous implication. If the universe was bounded by a past singularity, then the big bang was not just the origin of space, but the origin of time too. To repeat: time itself began with the big bang." In quoting Augustine: "The very order, disposition, beauty, change and motion of the world and of all things silently proclaim that it could only have been made by God", Davies acknowledges "the hypothesis of an intelligent designer applied to the laws of nature is far superior than the designer ... [of ID] who violates the laws of nature from time to time by working miracles in evolutionary history. Design-by-laws is incomparably more intelligent than design-by-miracles ... So the "intelligent design" beloved of the Intelligent Design movement strikes me as not very intelligent at all, in contrast to a designer of the laws of nature that by themselves have such astonishing creative ability without the need for intervention and miracles."

It is not only the ID movement with which Davies takes issue; at the other end of the spectrum he shows how monist concepts that fail to take account of the profound differences between life and non-life are too simplistic to justify belief in abiogenesis. "What makes life special is not the stuff of which it is made, but the things it does ... evolutionary principle of replication with variation and selection is undeniably fundamental ... second key is autonomy ... third distinctive property of living systems is how they handle information." "When it comes to the mental realm, the characteristic qualities are even more distinctive and totally unlike anything else found in nature. Now we are dealing with thoughts, purposes, feelings, beliefs - the inner, subjective world of the observer, who experiences reality through the senses.. These mental entities are clearly not merely "other sorts of things" - they are in a class apart. They do not even exist on the same level of description as material objects and bear no obvious relationship to them whatsoever."

For anyone who sees purpose and the result of purposeful intent in the universe but is put off by the dogma attaching to the ID movement, Davies offers explanations with true scientific merit to problems and mysteries dismissed by materialists with a wave of the "supernatural" hand. He writes in a very accessible style and his objectivity is refreshing in a topic where ideas are so often presented with deep prejudice towards one extreme or the other. An excellent book.
 
A facinating read at the start but strays away from fact later on. ***
This is a masterpiece of mind-expanding non-fiction. Paul introduces you gently and lucidly to the unbelievable wonders of the universe and how it seems to be tailor-made to nurture life. Regardless of whether you are a believer or not, you will be left with a sense of wonderment about how everything, and I mean EVERYTHING, came into such divine balance as to allow the universe to sustain it's existence, let alone support life. However, on the down side (at least as far as I am concerned) the second half of the book strays from the science and into the philosophical and, for me, that's when it gets boring - hence only 3 stars.
 
The Anthropic Principle and all that *****
The Goldilocks Enigma: Why is the universe just right for life? by Paul Davies, Penguin, 2007, 368 ff.

The Anthropic Principle and all that
By Howard A. Jones

`Today we know that there is no life force. Living organisms are machines, and they derive their extraordinary qualities from their great complexity.' This extract is taken from near the end of the book (p.253) but it might well have appeared in the Preface as it tells readers the overall ethos of the presentation. Paul Davies is a professor of physics, formerly in London and Australia and now at Arizona State University and he approaches his subject with the dispassionate rationalism of a scientist wedded to the materialist world-view. With chapter titles like `The Universe Explained', `How the Universe Began' and `What the Universe is made of', it's clear that this book is mainly about cosmology, presented quite eloquently and without mathematics, but it is the anthropic principle which is the real focus of the book, as indicated by the book title. Davies also has something to say about particle physics as it relates to the Big Bang, but this is not what the book is about and there are several more detailed and equally readable books on quantum mechanics.

After an initial chapter (`The Big Questions') that is as much philosophy as science, Davies gives us an account of the laws of physics that have given us the universe as we know it. He presents many different theories but makes it clear that many are rather tenuous. In dealing with `A Universe Fit for Life', Davies regards the term `anthropic principle' as `an unfortunate misnomer' (p.149) because `nobody is suggesting that the principle has anything to do with humans'. Yet books on this subject, such as that by Barrow and Tipler, suggest that it does precisely that: Brandon Carter, who coined the term, did so because of the fact that `certain properties of the Universe are necessary prerequisites for the evolution and existence' of humankind. But, says Davies, `The anthropic principle seems to elevate life and mind to a special place in nature'; but `[m]ost physicists and cosmologists . . . regard life as a trivial, accidental embellishment to the physical world'. This is clearly a view that Davies shares though, as some of his other books indicate, he does not think that this makes human existence meaningless. As the sentence with which I opened makes clear, there is no suggestion that God or any kind of cosmic life force is necessary or operational in the evolution of humankind.

As a review of cosmological theories, the book is excellent. But I didn't find any answer within to "why" the universe is just right for life as the subtitle suggests. Instead of saying that we needed natural constants to take the values they do "in order that" life could evolve, as the anthropic principle does, we could turn this around and equally say that life has evolved as it has because the natural constants have the values that they do. If the constants were otherwise, we would have evolved differently, if at all. The book is completed with 45 pages of Notes, Bibliography and Index.

Dr Howard A. Jones is the author of The Thoughtful Guide to God (2006) and The Tao of Holism (2008), both published by O Books of Winchester, UK.

The Anthropic Cosmological Principle (Oxford Paperbacks)
The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena
 
Better off with 'Fabric Of The Cosmos' *
I bought this book along with The Fabric of The Cosmos by Brian Greene which I read first. I found it very interesting, entertaining and well presented. I turned to this book as a similar tome on what I took to be a similar subject. I was very wrong ...

There is a very basic level of science covered in this book. For example for quantum mechanics, perhaps one of the most intriguing discoveries of the 20th century, Davies dedicates a few pages (in stark contrast to Greene who explains the concept in great depth.) He focuses more energy on what can only be described as ambiguous theological and philisophical ideas which would be more suited to a book in this field rather than a 'science' book.

Davies himself concedes that the theories he describes are "either ridiculous or hopelessly inadequate."

All round a disappointing book with minimal scientific benefit. I would recommend Greene's Fabric of The Cosmos for the more scientifically inclined reader.
 
Beyond six numbers ****
Although I had reservations about this book, overall it was well worth the read. It managed both to be an easy read but at the same time thought-provoking and challenging

Its strength and weakness is the discursive style. On the downside this makes it a much less clear and concise introduction to thinking about the "fine-tuning" of the universe than, say Martin Rees' "Just Six Numbers", which is extremely simple and clear and probably a better concise introduction to the numbers themselves. Although the style makes for very easy reading, at the same time it tends to get bogged down in the detail in places. On the other hand, where Rees (respectfully) more or less draws the line at the boundary between physics and philosophy, Davies gives an introduction to alternative philosophical viewpoints, with a critique of each position, from multiverse to meaning circuits. Indeed, this is the climax of the book, as seen in the dedication to Wheeler as a man who was never afraid to tackle the difficult questions.

The topic is of course an enigma as presented by Rees, and entirely speculative as presented by Davies. The difference is that Davies explores alternative ideas and viewpoints beyond currently-measurable physics. For those with no stomach for critiques of the currently popular Absurd Universe or of multiverse theories, this is not a good book to read. Davies points out that Isaac Newton himself was more interested in alchemy and theology than physics and mathematics. Davies himself in the end merely "tends" towards a couple of the theories on offer. If you are not one of those for whom questions such as "why the Big Bang?" are taboo, or and not afraid to consider obvious rational flaws in some currently popular ideas which are absolutely no less speculative than others, then this book is a very good read.
 
Not quite what it says on the cover ***
As a "popular science" review of current cosmology and physics, it works well, albeit anyone with an interest in these subjects will have read most of this material elsewhere. However the discussion on the "Goldilocks effect" itself i.e. the effect of fine-tuning physical constants actually gets disappointingly little discussion and is better covered in, for example, Brian Greene's books.

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