Arthur I Miller

Empire of the Stars

The first chapter of this book concerns the events of 11^th January 1935, the day when Eddington severely attacked Chandrasekhar's ideas on white dwarfs and stellar collapse at a meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society in London. The rest of the book revolves around this day, looking at what led up to it and what the effects were in the following decades. Its a fascinating story, and demonstrates Miller's skill in sorting out the interactions between the different players. He examines the importance of hard work against personal influence in the struggle to succeed, and indeed what is meant by success.

The story as presented in many books is that Chandra was so put off by Eddington's words that he turned to a different field of work, and so the study of black holes was delayed by several decades. Here we get a better view, Chandra continued work on white dwarfs, and within 10 years his view was accepted. Several other fields, such as general relativity and the theory of supernovae, needed to advance before black holes could become popular. In this book we are told what was happening in the intervening decades to allow this to happen.

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Hardcover 384 pages
ISBN: 061834151X
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Published: 2005 Houghton Mifflin

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Hardcover 416 pages
ISBN: 0316725552
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Published: 2005 Little, Brown

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Hardcover 384 pages
ISBN: 061834151X
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Product Description
In August 1930, on a voyage from Madras to London, a young Indian looked up at the stars and contemplated their fate. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar--Chandra, as he was called--calculated that certain stars would suffer a strange and violent death, collapsing to virtually nothing. This extraordinary claim, the first mathematical description of black holes, brought Chandra into direct conflict with Sir Arthur Eddington, one of the greatest astrophysicists of the day. Eddington ridiculed the young man's idea at a meeting of the Royal Astronomy Society in 1935, sending Chandra into an intellectual and emotional tailspin--and hindering the progress of astrophysics for nearly forty years. Empire of the Stars is the dramatic story of this intellectual debate and its implications for twentieth-century science. Arthur I. Miller traces the idea of black holes from early notions of "dark stars" to the modern concepts of wormholes, quantum foam, and baby universes. In the process, he follows the rise of two great theories--relativity and quantum mechanics--that meet head on in black holes. Empire of the Stars provides a unique window into the remarkable quest to understand how stars are born, how they live, and, most portentously (for their fate is ultimately our own), how they die. It is also the moving tale of one man's struggle against the establishment--an episode that sheds light on what science is, how it works, and where it can go wrong. Miller exposes the deep-seated prejudices that plague even the most rational minds. Indeed, it took the nuclear arms race to persuade scientists to revisit Chandra's work from the 1930s, for the core of a hydrogen bomb resembles nothing so much as an exploding star. Only then did physicists realize the relevance, truth, and importance of Chandra's work, which was finally awarded a Nobel Prize in 1983. Set against the waning days of the British Empire and taking us right up to the present, this sweeping history examines the quest to understand one of the most forbidding phenomena in the universe, as well as the passions that fueled that quest over the course of a century.

Product Description

In August 1930, on a voyage from Madras to London, a young Indian looked up at the stars and contemplated their fate. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar--Chandra, as he was called--calculated that certain stars would suffer a strange and violent death, collapsing to virtually nothing. This extraordinary claim, the first mathematical description of black holes, brought Chandra into direct conflict with Sir Arthur Eddington, one of the greatest astrophysicists of the day. Eddington ridiculed the young man's idea at a meeting of the Royal Astronomy Society in 1935, sending Chandra into an intellectual and emotional tailspin--and hindering the progress of astrophysics for nearly forty years.
Empire of the Stars is the dramatic story of this intellectual debate and its implications for twentieth-century science. Arthur I. Miller traces the idea of black holes from early notions of "dark stars" to the modern concepts of wormholes, quantum foam, and baby universes. In the process, he follows the rise of two great theories--relativity and quantum mechanics--that meet head on in black holes. Empire of the Stars provides a unique window into the remarkable quest to understand how stars are born, how they live, and, most portentously (for their fate is ultimately our own), how they die.
It is also the moving tale of one man's struggle against the establishment--an episode that sheds light on what science is, how it works, and where it can go wrong. Miller exposes the deep-seated prejudices that plague even the most rational minds. Indeed, it took the nuclear arms race to persuade scientists to revisit Chandra's work from the 1930s, for the core of a hydrogen bomb resembles nothing so much as an exploding star. Only then did physicists realize the relevance, truth, and importance of Chandra's work, which was finally awarded a Nobel Prize in 1983.
Set against the waning days of the British Empire and taking us right up to the present, this sweeping history examines the quest to understand one of the most forbidding phenomena in the universe, as well as the passions that fueled that quest over the course of a century.

Informative, entertaining, but marred by technical errors ****
I enjoyed this book and recommend it. It is a highly entertaining, informative, and well-researched book. If you've read Wali's bio "Chandra", you should read this book, which gives a somewhat darker view of Chandrasekhar the man. I particularly liked the detailed endnotes, which give many historical insights. The villain in this story is Eddington, who did excellent work in his early career, but simply lost the power of rational argument in his old age. Like Linus Pauling, Eddington suffered from "great old man disease". (It only strikes males, perhaps because testosterone levels are involved.) The course of this disease is: tremendously successful early career causing self-confidence to morph into hubris, followed by the belief that one's intuition is so powerful that it cannot be wrong. In late stages, the disease causes the victim to attempt to alter experimental evidence to match beliefs. I think the author exaggerates the importance of the Chandra-Eddington "debate" in 20th century physics, but that does not detract from the book's value. Unfortunately, this book is marred many technical errors. Clearly, the author is not a scientist and the book was never edited by someone with a technical background. I list a few statements, some of which are wrong, and others are, as Pauli would say, "are not even wrong". p.45 Referring to Sirius A, the brightest star in the sky: "The fact that it can be observed with a telescope shows how extraordinarily bright it is." p.48,49. Explaining that Eddington incorrectly assumed that a star has a chemical composition similar to Earth's (rather than 3/4 H, 1/4 He) and so "Eddingtion adopted a mean molecular weight of 2.1." At first I assumed this was a typo, but the mistake is repeated throughout the text. p.54. "Another mystery that Eddington wanted to crack was how a white dwarf could be so small yet so dense." Throughout, the author makes puzzling statements about density. p.69. "... the electrical charge of the electron, which is 10^-10 in terms of size (measured in centimeters);...;the Planck constant, as measure of scale in the atomic world and smaller still, 10^-27; ..." p.157 Referring to a teaspoonful of stellar matter: "The same tiny amount of neutron star matter would weigh a billion tons, probably enough to take it plunging through Earth." Probably. p.160. Kapitza is referred to as "a discoverer of superconductivity" (confusing superfluidity with superconductivity) p.165 "Another question was whether fusion could be initiated by thermonuclear reactions." fusion is a thermonuclear reaction Throughout, the author uses the word "dim" and it is never clear whether he intends the word to mean intrinsic luminosity, apparent brightness, surface brightness or what. This leads to very odd statements such as p.180 referring to a white dwarf, "It has burned up nearly all of its fuel, making it dim, but has undergone extreme contraction... making it hot." or p.221 "If Cygnus A were closer ... it would have a "luminosity" 10 million times that of the entire Milky Way." The author reports all stellar distances in miles, never light-years: p.221 Cygnus A is "4500 million trillion miles away" p.225. Referring to Chandra's calculations of a supermassive stellar remnant in a quasar "it would have to collapse completely and would therefore cease to exist." p.227 "its spin is the number of times it rotates per second" p.225 Author explains that the Large Hadron Collider will be able to produce photons with a wavelength equal to the Planck length. I wish! p.269, Referring to neutrinos: "They interact so weakly that they can fly through space for 3 trillion miles unhampered." (As Dave Barry would say, I'm not making this up.)

Informative, entertaining, but marred by technical errors ****

I enjoyed this book and recommend it. It is a highly entertaining, informative, and well-researched book. If you've read Wali's bio "Chandra", you should read this book, which gives a somewhat darker view of Chandrasekhar the man. I particularly liked the detailed endnotes, which give many historical insights.

The villain in this story is Eddington, who did excellent work in his early career, but simply lost the power of rational argument in his old age. Like Linus Pauling, Eddington suffered from "great old man disease". (It only strikes males, perhaps because testosterone levels are involved.) The course of this disease is: tremendously successful early career causing self-confidence to morph into hubris, followed by the belief that one's intuition is so powerful that it cannot be wrong. In late stages, the disease causes the victim to attempt to alter experimental evidence to match beliefs.

I think the author exaggerates the importance of the Chandra-Eddington "debate" in 20th century physics, but that does not detract from the book's value.

Unfortunately, this book is marred many technical errors. Clearly, the author is not a scientist and the book was never edited by someone with a technical background. I list a few statements, some of which are wrong, and others are, as Pauli would say, "are not even wrong".

p.45 Referring to Sirius A, the brightest star in the sky: "The fact that it can be observed with a telescope shows how extraordinarily bright it is."
p.48,49. Explaining that Eddington incorrectly assumed that a star has a chemical composition similar to Earth's (rather than 3/4 H, 1/4 He) and so "Eddingtion adopted a mean molecular weight of 2.1." At first I assumed this was a typo, but the mistake is repeated throughout the text.
p.54. "Another mystery that Eddington wanted to crack was how a white dwarf could be so small yet so dense." Throughout, the author makes puzzling statements about density.
p.69. "... the electrical charge of the electron, which is 10^-10 in terms of size (measured in centimeters);...;the Planck constant, as measure of scale in the atomic world and smaller still, 10^-27; ..."
p.157 Referring to a teaspoonful of stellar matter: "The same tiny amount of neutron star matter would weigh a billion tons, probably enough to take it plunging through Earth." Probably.
p.160. Kapitza is referred to as "a discoverer of superconductivity" (confusing superfluidity with superconductivity)
p.165 "Another question was whether fusion could be initiated by thermonuclear reactions." fusion is a thermonuclear reaction

Throughout, the author uses the word "dim" and it is never clear whether he intends the word to mean intrinsic luminosity, apparent brightness, surface brightness or what. This leads to very odd statements such as p.180 referring to a white dwarf, "It has burned up nearly all of its fuel, making it dim, but has undergone extreme contraction... making it hot." or p.221 "If Cygnus A were closer ... it would have a "luminosity" 10 million times that of the entire Milky Way."
The author reports all stellar distances in miles, never light-years: p.221 Cygnus A is "4500 million trillion miles away"
p.225. Referring to Chandra's calculations of a supermassive stellar remnant in a quasar "it would have to collapse completely and would therefore cease to exist."
p.227 "its spin is the number of times it rotates per second"
p.225 Author explains that the Large Hadron Collider will be able to produce photons with a wavelength equal to the Planck length. I wish!
p.269, Referring to neutrinos: "They interact so weakly that they can fly through space for 3 trillion miles unhampered." (As Dave Barry would say, I'm not making this up.)

Excellent History of Astrophysics *****
This is really a book on the history of astrophysics - the science of stars. However, in developing this exposition, the author has chosen to focus on two of the main contributors to the field: Eddington and Chandrasekhar. Both were geniuses of the highest order - one (Eddington), feared for his venomous attacks (in scientific fora) on those who disagreed with his theories but who, otherwise, was a truly likeable gentleman; the other (Chandrasekhar), a more complex individual "confident in his own brilliance, yet permanently bitter at never having received the recognition he thought was his due" (p. 297). The writing style is clear, engaging and free of unnecessary technical jargon, thus making the book accessible to a wider audience. Various theories on how it was thought that stars shine and eventually die are presented, culminating with modern day theories. This excellent book will likely be most appreciated by science buffs.

Excellent History of Astrophysics *****

This is really a book on the history of astrophysics - the science of stars. However, in developing this exposition, the author has chosen to focus on two of the main contributors to the field: Eddington and Chandrasekhar. Both were geniuses of the highest order - one (Eddington), feared for his venomous attacks (in scientific fora) on those who disagreed with his theories but who, otherwise, was a truly likeable gentleman; the other (Chandrasekhar), a more complex individual "confident in his own brilliance, yet permanently bitter at never having received the recognition he thought was his due" (p. 297). The writing style is clear, engaging and free of unnecessary technical jargon, thus making the book accessible to a wider audience. Various theories on how it was thought that stars shine and eventually die are presented, culminating with modern day theories. This excellent book will likely be most appreciated by science buffs.

Fascinating, informative, but not altogether convincing ***
This biography of the astrophysicist and mathematical prodigy Subramanyan Chandrasekhar is a very good survey of the twentieth-century flowering of astrophysics. Physics, chemistry, and astronomy were beginning to feed into each other and reach critical mass, which would result in the supernova of celestial discovery that marked the rest of the century. In this telling, Chandra had a brilliant insight which, although it would prove to be the key to most future theorizing about black holes, was at the time unsupported by anything except a seemingly airtight set of mathematical calculations. These were rejected by Sir Arthur Eddington, the foremost astrophysicist of the day, in a most public and humiliating way. As is the way of science at its best, time and the accretion of aggregate research finally proved Chandra correct and Eddington wrong. The public hiding Eddington gave Chandra rankled the young Indian for the rest of his life. Even winning the Nobel prize didn't make bygones be bygones. Chandra is depicted as being alternately resentful and ostentatiously collegial with Eddington, a sign of his conflicted feelings. Eddington isn't around to stick up for himself, and as the author notes, there is very little in the way of biographical information about him. The author goes on about class, racism, and even closeted homosexuality in an effort to explain Eddington's refusal to accept Chandra's insight. Those qualities were indeed extant in 1930s England, but the author comes very close to unfairly tarring Eddington by implication. There's no proof, so he should have let the mystery stand as is. That said, the story of Chandra is a great starting point for telling the story of astrophysics over the last 80 years. As such, it is warmly recommended. Some fair use quotations: "On next Monday I am 21! I am almost ashamed to confess it. Years run apace, but nothing done! I wish I had been more concentrated, directed and disciplined in my work. -- Subrahmanyan Chadrasekhar, letter to his father, 1932, in Arthur I. Miller, Empire of the Stars: Obsession, Friendship, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes, 2005" "Technical journals are filled with elaborate papers on conditions in the interiors of model gaseous spheres, but these discussions have, for the most part, the character of exercises in mathematical physics rather than astronomical investigations, and it is difficult to judge the degree of resemblance between the models and actual stars. Differential equations are like servants in livery: it is honourable to be able to command them, but they are "yes" men, loyally giving support and amplification to the ideas entrusted to them by their master. -- Paul W. Merrill, The Nature of Variable Stars, 1938, quoted in Arthur I. Miller Empire of the Stars: Obsession, Friendship, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes, 2005" "In my entire scientific life, extending over forty-five years, the most shattering experience has been the realisation that [New Zealand mathematician Roy Kerr's] exact solution of Einstein's equations of general relativity provides the absolutely exact representation of untold numbers of massive black holes that populate the universe. This "shuddering before the beautiful," this incredible fact that a discovery motivated by a search after the beautiful in mathematics should find its exact replica in Nature, persuades me to say that beauty is that to which the human mind responds at its deepest and most profound. -- Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 1975, quoted in Arthur I. Miller, Empire of the Stars: Obsession, Friendship, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes, 2005" "You may think I have used a hammer to crack eggs, but I have cracked eggs! -- Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, on his habitual use of zillions of equations in his papers, quoted in Arthur I. Miller Empire of the Stars: Obsession, Friendship, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes, 2005"

Fascinating, informative, but not altogether convincing ***

This biography of the astrophysicist and mathematical prodigy Subramanyan Chandrasekhar is a very good survey of the twentieth-century flowering of astrophysics. Physics, chemistry, and astronomy were beginning to feed into each other and reach critical mass, which would result in the supernova of celestial discovery that marked the rest of the century. In this telling, Chandra had a brilliant insight which, although it would prove to be the key to most future theorizing about black holes, was at the time unsupported by anything except a seemingly airtight set of mathematical calculations. These were rejected by Sir Arthur Eddington, the foremost astrophysicist of the day, in a most public and humiliating way. As is the way of science at its best, time and the accretion of aggregate research finally proved Chandra correct and Eddington wrong.

The public hiding Eddington gave Chandra rankled the young Indian for the rest of his life. Even winning the Nobel prize didn't make bygones be bygones. Chandra is depicted as being alternately resentful and ostentatiously collegial with Eddington, a sign of his conflicted feelings. Eddington isn't around to stick up for himself, and as the author notes, there is very little in the way of biographical information about him. The author goes on about class, racism, and even closeted homosexuality in an effort to explain Eddington's refusal to accept Chandra's insight. Those qualities were indeed extant in 1930s England, but the author comes very close to unfairly tarring Eddington by implication. There's no proof, so he should have let the mystery stand as is.

That said, the story of Chandra is a great starting point for telling the story of astrophysics over the last 80 years. As such, it is warmly recommended.

Some fair use quotations:

"On next Monday I am 21! I am almost ashamed to confess it. Years run apace, but nothing done! I wish I had been more concentrated, directed and disciplined in my work.
-- Subrahmanyan Chadrasekhar, letter to his father, 1932, in Arthur I. Miller, Empire of the Stars: Obsession, Friendship, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes, 2005"

"Technical journals are filled with elaborate papers on conditions in the interiors of model gaseous spheres, but these discussions have, for the most part, the character of exercises in mathematical physics rather than astronomical investigations, and it is difficult to judge the degree of resemblance between the models and actual stars. Differential equations are like servants in livery: it is honourable to be able to command them, but they are "yes" men, loyally giving support and amplification to the ideas entrusted to them by their master. -- Paul W. Merrill, The Nature of Variable Stars, 1938, quoted in Arthur I. Miller Empire of the Stars: Obsession, Friendship, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes, 2005"

"In my entire scientific life, extending over forty-five years, the most shattering experience has been the realisation that [New Zealand mathematician Roy Kerr's] exact solution of Einstein's equations of general relativity provides the *absolutely exact representation* of untold numbers of massive black holes that populate the universe. This "shuddering before the beautiful," this incredible fact that a discovery motivated by a search after the beautiful in mathematics should find its exact replica in Nature, persuades me to say that beauty is that to which the human mind responds at its deepest and most profound.
-- Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 1975, quoted in Arthur I. Miller,
Empire of the Stars: Obsession, Friendship, and Betrayal in the Quest
for Black Holes, 2005"

"You may think I have used a hammer to crack eggs, but I have cracked eggs!
-- Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, on his habitual use of zillions of equations in his papers, quoted in Arthur I. Miller Empire of the Stars: Obsession, Friendship, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes, 2005"

Ample, Clear, Informative, Intelligent *****
If you like books described by the title above, you'll enjoy Empire of the Stars. The core of the book is a straightforward biography of Chandrasekhar, but that story is well wrapped in a social history of the international scientific community of the 20th Century. Author Arthur Miller does not convince all readers of his bold thesis that the clash between Chandra and Eddington impeded scientific progress by decades, but the interest of the book does not hinge on that dramatic device.

Ample, Clear, Informative, Intelligent *****

If you like books described by the title above, you'll enjoy Empire of the Stars. The core of the book is a straightforward biography of Chandrasekhar, but that story is well wrapped in a social history of the international scientific community of the 20th Century. Author Arthur Miller does not convince all readers of his bold thesis that the clash between Chandra and Eddington impeded scientific progress by decades, but the interest of the book does not hinge on that dramatic device.

Lacks Focus ***
An interesting read, but this book lacks focus. Sometimes it is a biography of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar with a little physics background; sometimes it's a history of thinking in the astrophysics community with a little biographical background; and sometimes it feels like a who's who of astronomers and physicist from the 30's to the 80's. As an extra-added bonus, we get a random collection of information about the Manhattan Project and nuclear weapons design.

Lacks Focus ***

An interesting read, but this book lacks focus. Sometimes it is a biography of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar with a little physics background; sometimes it's a history of thinking in the astrophysics community with a little biographical background; and sometimes it feels like a who's who of astronomers and physicist from the 30's to the 80's. As an extra-added bonus, we get a random collection of information about the Manhattan Project and nuclear weapons design.

The blood on the carpet at the Royal Astronomical Society *****
Here's what you need to know about this book. It's a thrilling read. It's completely accurate. It is a superb account of how personal rivalries can sometimes intrude on the progress of science. And the science revealed here is truly amazing: neutron stars, black holes, the works. This book is much easier on the mind than A Brief History of Time.

The blood on the carpet at the Royal Astronomical Society *****

Here's what you need to know about this book. It's a thrilling read. It's completely accurate. It is a superb account of how personal rivalries can sometimes intrude on the progress of science. And the science revealed here is truly amazing: neutron stars, black holes, the works. This book is much easier on the mind than A Brief History of Time.

Empire of the Stars, a very nice read! *****
This book concerns the discovery of S. Chandrasekar, that white dwarfs have a maximum mass (1.4 times the mass of the Sun) and how this was work was received by his fellow scientist, in particular by Sir Arthur Eddington. The conclusions drawn from Chandra's work was that more massive stars would continue to collapse until nothing is left (i.e. black holes would form; however, black holes were not yet discovered). It is in particular this aspect which Eddington and other scientist did not believe. Chandra's life in Cambridge and struggle(s) (such as his fights against racism) is well described. In the second part of the book, the author explains some aspects of the physics involved. Read this book and you will learn a lot about Chandra's life (which is fascinating) and the consequences of his work. The book is not meant to be about details of stellar evolution, white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes. Readers who want to learn the physics in detail need to look elsewhere. However, the book describes very nicely an important chapter in the history of astrophysics. It will be of interest to everyone who has interest in astronomy/astrophysics.

Empire of the Stars, a very nice read! *****

This book concerns the discovery of S. Chandrasekar, that
white dwarfs have a maximum mass (1.4 times the mass of the
Sun) and how this was work was received by his fellow scientist,
in particular by Sir Arthur Eddington. The conclusions drawn
from Chandra's work was that more massive stars would continue
to collapse until nothing is left (i.e. black holes would
form; however, black holes were not yet discovered). It is
in particular this aspect which Eddington and other scientist
did not believe. Chandra's life in Cambridge and struggle(s)
(such as his fights against racism) is well described. In the
second part of the book, the author explains some aspects of
the physics involved.

Read this book and you will learn a lot about Chandra's life
(which is fascinating) and the consequences of his work.
The book is not meant to be about details of stellar evolution,
white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes. Readers who want
to learn the physics in detail need to look elsewhere. However,
the book describes very nicely an important chapter in the
history of astrophysics. It will be of interest to everyone
who has interest in astronomy/astrophysics.