Jim Endersby

A Guinea Pig's History of Biology

The history of biology is usually told in terms of the work of famous biologists. But it is also interesting to find out how the study of a given species has contributed to biology over the years. In A Guinea Pig's History of Biology Jim Endersby presents the histories of a number of such species.

It's a novel concept, but I felt that it took some time to get going - the early chapters are really the 'famous person' style of writing. The first chapter 'Lord Morton's Mare' is essentially an introduction to pre-Darwinian biology. Then comes Passionflowers, as studied by Darwin. There have been plenty of histories written about the species for chapter 3 - it is Homo Sapiens, with a look at Galton's eugenics. Chapter 4 - Hawkweed - is largely about Mendel, but it does get more into the spirit of the book, explaining how the confusion this plant brought to early studies of genetics. Evening Primrose, the subject of the next chapter also brought a fair amount of confusion. Then the book gets on to some of the standard experimental organisms - Drosophilia fruit flies, Guinea Pigs and bacteriophage. Endersby explains the benefits which came when a number of different groups decided to study the same organism. Commercially important organisms such as Corn also get a place, but researchers have found that it may be better to study Thale Cress - a weed, and in the animal kingdom the transparency of Zebrafish is a great advantage. The final chapter - OncoMouse® - is a discussion of some philosophical and ethical issues in biology.

So I was a bit doubtful about the concept of this book, as it sometimes made it difficult to follow the timeline of the ideas being discussed. I felt that when it got to the second half of the twentieth century it was more successful in showing the breadth of research which was going on. Also Endersby is a skilled writer, and I felt that he does well in conveying the struggles of biologists to make sense of living things over the last two centuries.

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Hardcover 544 pages
ISBN: 0674027132
Salesrank: 115674
Weight:1.8 lbs

Published: 2007 Harvard University Press

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Hardcover 320 pages
ISBN: 0434012599
Salesrank: 286778
Weight:1.76 lbs

Published: 2007 William Heinemann Ltd

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Hardcover 544 pages
ISBN: 0674027132
Salesrank: 233271
Weight:1.8 lbs

Published: 2007 Harvard University Press

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Product Description
"Endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved," Darwin famously concluded The Origin of Species, and for confirmation we look to...the guinea pig? How this curious creature and others as humble (and as fast-breeding) have helped unlock the mystery of inheritance is the unlikely story Jim Endersby tells in this book. Biology today promises everything from better foods or cures for common diseases to the alarming prospect of redesigning life itself. Looking at the organisms that have made all this possible gives us a new way of understanding how we got here--and perhaps of thinking about where we're going. Instead of a history of which great scientists had which great ideas, this story of passionflowers and hawkweeds, of zebra fish and viruses, offers a bird's (or rodent's) eye view of the work that makes science possible. Mixing the celebrities of genetics, like the fruit fly, with forgotten players such as the evening primrose, the book follows the unfolding history of biological inheritance from Aristotle's search for the "universal, absolute truth of fishiness" to the apparently absurd speculations of eighteenth-century natural philosophers to the spectacular findings of our day--which may prove to be the absurdities of tomorrow. The result is a quirky, enlightening, and thoroughly engaging perspective on the history of heredity and genetics, tracing the slow, uncertain path--complete with entertaining diversions and dead ends--that led us from the ancient world's understanding of inheritance to modern genetics. (20070520)

Product Description

"Endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved," Darwin famously concluded The Origin of Species, and for confirmation we look to...the guinea pig? How this curious creature and others as humble (and as fast-breeding) have helped unlock the mystery of inheritance is the unlikely story Jim Endersby tells in this book.

Biology today promises everything from better foods or cures for common diseases to the alarming prospect of redesigning life itself. Looking at the organisms that have made all this possible gives us a new way of understanding how we got here--and perhaps of thinking about where we're going. Instead of a history of which great scientists had which great ideas, this story of passionflowers and hawkweeds, of zebra fish and viruses, offers a bird's (or rodent's) eye view of the work that makes science possible.

Mixing the celebrities of genetics, like the fruit fly, with forgotten players such as the evening primrose, the book follows the unfolding history of biological inheritance from Aristotle's search for the "universal, absolute truth of fishiness" to the apparently absurd speculations of eighteenth-century natural philosophers to the spectacular findings of our day--which may prove to be the absurdities of tomorrow.

The result is a quirky, enlightening, and thoroughly engaging perspective on the history of heredity and genetics, tracing the slow, uncertain path--complete with entertaining diversions and dead ends--that led us from the ancient world's understanding of inheritance to modern genetics.

(20070520)

enjoyable, entertaining, with a good sense of humor *****
This is not really, of course, a Guinea Pig's History, although Guinea Pigs do figure prominently in one long chapter. This is a book about discovery, and the roles that certain plants, animals, insects, and bacteria played in that discovery. Most of these creatures (we'll use the term very loosely here) would be regarded as useless by most people in society--no great loss if they disappeared off the face of the earth. But for different reasons, each had a vital role to play, and this may make you stop and pause before we readily consign another species to extinction. Take, for example, the lowly mouse-ear cress: no obvious benefit to anyone, not harmful so that one wants to eradicate it. Perhaps "the most forgettable plant I've ever met" in Reader's Digest. But as the book notes, scientists may be able to use it to feed the hungry and combat global warming: who would have thunk it? Fruitflies were long considered a minor annoyance--at least they didn't bite humans. But they have been vital in genetic research. The same with Guinea pigs: they are docile because the ancient Incas bred them to be docile--catching them and eating them was easier. Guinea pigs are one of the very few species, along with humans, that cannot synthesize vitamin C, for example. So this book presents us with heroes: the biological heroes, and the humans who recognized their potential to advance the frontiers of knowledge. Endersby has a wonderful writing style: he combines an ease with prose with a fine sense of humor, and you never get bogged down in endless dry technical details. A thoroughly enjoyable book!

enjoyable, entertaining, with a good sense of humor *****

This is not really, of course, a Guinea Pig's History, although Guinea Pigs do figure prominently in one long chapter. This is a book about discovery, and the roles that certain plants, animals, insects, and bacteria played in that discovery. Most of these creatures (we'll use the term very loosely here) would be regarded as useless by most people in society--no great loss if they disappeared off the face of the earth. But for different reasons, each had a vital role to play, and this may make you stop and pause before we readily consign another species to extinction.

Take, for example, the lowly mouse-ear cress: no obvious benefit to anyone, not harmful so that one wants to eradicate it. Perhaps "the most forgettable plant I've ever met" in Reader's Digest. But as the book notes, scientists may be able to use it to feed the hungry and combat global warming: who would have thunk it? Fruitflies were long considered a minor annoyance--at least they didn't bite humans. But they have been vital in genetic research. The same with Guinea pigs: they are docile because the ancient Incas bred them to be docile--catching them and eating them was easier. Guinea pigs are one of the very few species, along with humans, that cannot synthesize vitamin C, for example.

So this book presents us with heroes: the biological heroes, and the humans who recognized their potential to advance the frontiers of knowledge. Endersby has a wonderful writing style: he combines an ease with prose with a fine sense of humor, and you never get bogged down in endless dry technical details. A thoroughly enjoyable book!

12 characters, hundreds of scientists, a thrilling tale *****
Jim Endersby introduces the reader to 12 different organisms in this fascinating book: Equus quagga, Passiflora gracilis, Homo sapiens, Hieracium auricula, Oenothera lamarckiana, Drosophila melanogaster, Cavia porcellus, Bacteriophage, Zea mays, Arabidopsis thaliana, Danio rerio and OncoMouse®.* Some of these characters may be familiar to you, some not, but Endersby uses each of them to introduce the reader to scientists seeking to understand the secret of life. Consider Equus quagga: "The right honourable George Douglas, FRS, 16th Earl of Morton, was perplexed; in 1820, he had sold a chestnut-brown mare to his friend, Sir Gore Ouseley, who had crossed her with 'a very fine black Arabian horse'. Both Morton and Ouseley were astonished by the offspring of this union, two foals who were clearly Arabian horses, but 'both in their colour, and in the hair of their manes, they have a striking resemblance to the quagga'. "Quaggas were a kind of zebra, but it was mainly their heads and shoulders that were striped. They belong to a small, sad club (whose members include the passenger pigeon and the thylacine, or Tasmanian tiger) of animals for whom we know the exact day on which they became extinct. The last quagga died in Amsterdam zoo on 12 August 1883. At the time, the species went unmourned, as no one realized she was the last one. Why should the offspring of Ouseley's animals look like quaggas, when both parents were horses?" Morton had a theory. Darwin considered the answer significant for his theory of evolution. Endersby writes: "This book is about how some of these mysteries were unravelled. Long before Darwin, most people knew that for most organisms, as for humans, both males and females were needed to produce offspring, but even after centuries of investigation and speculation, no one knew exactly why, nor exactly what each contributed to their progeny. Given that some creatures managed without sex, what was its purpose? And what about inheritance? Why do most children look like their parents, while some are more like one of their grandparents? How are the characteristics of animal or plant breeds passed on and preserved over generations? And, given that creatures only ever give birth to creatures of the same species, where do new types of organisms come from? Given that species remain largely constant over generations, how and why do they sometimes vary?" Endersby describes how scientists with the aid of these 12 subjects found some of the answers. Scientists began studying guinea pigs around 1780 and they shed light on scurvy, vaccines and vitamins, and shed light on inbreeding. In 1845 Robert Peel abolished the tax on glass, James Hartley invented a system for making rolled plate glass, large greenhouses prolifiated in England, including Darwin's where he studied the crinkled passionflower. The plant gave Darwin clues to his theory, and the reader enjoys Endersby's meandering that describes how it all came about. Cheap glass led to a craze for aquaria. Tropical fish were in great demand; in 1905 zebra fish were imported; in the American scientists found their value in research: in less than half an hour, each female fish can produce several hundred eggs, all of them transparent and easy to study under a microscope. The eggs develop into recognisable fish in a couple of days. Endersby tells the tale in compelling fashion. The fruit fly found its way to labs in the US from the Caribbean; Endersby describes how it accompanied bananas imported from the Far East in the 16th century as cheap food for slaves. Chemical analysis of the virus bacteriophages showed it consisted of DNA surrounded by a coating of protein. By 1953 it was clear genes were made of DNA, and James Watson and Francis Crick established that DNA had the structure of a double helix. That opened the door to modern genetics. OncoMouse® is the star of the last chapter, the first patented, transgenic animal. Researchers at Harvard University designed and produced this organism to carry a type of gene that increases the mouse's susceptibility to cancer. Endersby has a light, sure way of telling these complex, fascinating stories, all told from the unusual perspective of the subjects of the research. _____ * These characters are carefully described in the book, of course, and Endersby maintains an excellent website providing much more information. Google: jim endersby . Robert C. Ross 2008

12 characters, hundreds of scientists, a thrilling tale *****

Jim Endersby introduces the reader to 12 different organisms in this fascinating book: Equus quagga, Passiflora gracilis, Homo sapiens, Hieracium auricula, Oenothera lamarckiana, Drosophila melanogaster, Cavia porcellus, Bacteriophage, Zea mays, Arabidopsis thaliana, Danio rerio and OncoMouse®.* Some of these characters may be familiar to you, some not, but Endersby uses each of them to introduce the reader to scientists seeking to understand the secret of life.

Consider Equus quagga:

"The right honourable George Douglas, FRS, 16th Earl of Morton, was perplexed; in 1820, he had sold a chestnut-brown mare to his friend, Sir Gore Ouseley, who had crossed her with 'a very fine black Arabian horse'. Both Morton and Ouseley were astonished by the offspring of this union, two foals who were clearly Arabian horses, but 'both in their colour, and in the hair of their manes, they have a striking resemblance to the quagga'.

"Quaggas were a kind of zebra, but it was mainly their heads and shoulders that were striped. They belong to a small, sad club (whose members include the passenger pigeon and the thylacine, or Tasmanian tiger) of animals for whom we know the exact day on which they became extinct. The last quagga died in Amsterdam zoo on 12 August 1883. At the time, the species went unmourned, as no one realized she was the last one. Why should the offspring of Ouseley's animals look like quaggas, when both parents were horses?"

Morton had a theory. Darwin considered the answer significant for his theory of evolution.

Endersby writes: "This book is about how some of these mysteries were unravelled. Long before Darwin, most people knew that for most organisms, as for humans, both males and females were needed to produce offspring, but even after centuries of investigation and speculation, no one knew exactly why, nor exactly what each contributed to their progeny. Given that some creatures managed without sex, what was its purpose? And what about inheritance? Why do most children look like their parents, while some are more like one of their grandparents? How are the characteristics of animal or plant breeds passed on and preserved over generations? And, given that creatures only ever give birth to creatures of the same species, where do new types of organisms come from? Given that species remain largely constant over generations, how and why do they sometimes vary?"

Endersby describes how scientists with the aid of these 12 subjects found some of the answers.

Scientists began studying guinea pigs around 1780 and they shed light on scurvy, vaccines and vitamins, and shed light on inbreeding.

In 1845 Robert Peel abolished the tax on glass, James Hartley invented a system for making rolled plate glass, large greenhouses prolifiated in England, including Darwin's where he studied the crinkled passionflower. The plant gave Darwin clues to his theory, and the reader enjoys Endersby's meandering that describes how it all came about.

Cheap glass led to a craze for aquaria. Tropical fish were in great demand; in 1905 zebra fish were imported; in the American scientists found their value in research: in less than half an hour, each female fish can produce several hundred eggs, all of them transparent and easy to study under a microscope. The eggs develop into recognisable fish in a couple of days. Endersby tells the tale in compelling fashion.

The fruit fly found its way to labs in the US from the Caribbean; Endersby describes how it accompanied bananas imported from the Far East in the 16th century as cheap food for slaves.

Chemical analysis of the virus bacteriophages showed it consisted of DNA surrounded by a coating of protein. By 1953 it was clear genes were made of DNA, and James Watson and Francis Crick established that DNA had the structure of a double helix. That opened the door to modern genetics.

OncoMouse® is the star of the last chapter, the first patented, transgenic animal. Researchers at Harvard University designed and produced this organism to carry a type of gene that increases the mouse's susceptibility to cancer.

Endersby has a light, sure way of telling these complex, fascinating stories, all told from the unusual perspective of the subjects of the research.

_____
* These characters are carefully described in the book, of course, and Endersby maintains an excellent website providing much more information. Google: jim endersby .

Robert C. Ross 2008

Fascinating History, Marvelously Told *****
This is a wonderful book. The author writes with the flair of a good novelist, weaving all kinds of fascinating details into highly entertaining, lucidly told stories centered around some of the creatures that have served as subjects of biological research. The subject matter is certainly interesting, but the author's talent as a writer makes the book a pleasure to read. Who would think that a serious history of the discoveries and controversies related to biological inheritance could be a pleasure to read? Yet this one certainly is. An altogether superb achievement.

Fascinating History, Marvelously Told *****

This is a wonderful book. The author writes with the flair of a good novelist, weaving all kinds of fascinating details into highly entertaining, lucidly told stories centered around some of the creatures that have served as subjects of biological research. The subject matter is certainly interesting, but the author's talent as a writer makes the book a pleasure to read. Who would think that a serious history of the discoveries and controversies related to biological inheritance could be a pleasure to read? Yet this one certainly is. An altogether superb achievement.

How fruit flies and cavies helped win Nobel prizes ****
Two quick notes: first, though there is a cute photo of a guinea pig on the cover and a few drawings, this is NOT a kids' book. Second, though it is a "popular" science book written for a lay audience, it assumes the audience has some education in biology, enough to recognize the names of, for instance, Francis Galton or JBS Haldane and to know what they were famous for. If you haven't read anything on or thought about biology since you were in high school a few decades ago, you would want to start with something a little less detailed before digging into this. Endersby is English, and so this history is slightly Anglocentric, but nonetheless good. Basically, it's the story of how the mating of a USDA colony of guinea pigs with a bunch of wild Russian fruit flies led to modern molecular biology. No, really, it's sort of an era-by-era look at biology by looking at what plants and animals were being studied, when. We start with the quagga, which went extinct in 1883, in a chapter titled "Equus quagga and Lord Morton's mare" and go on through a plant in Darwin's greenhouse, homo sapiens as Francis Galton's research animal, Mendel's work on the pale hawkweed; Hugo de Vries and some flower; then, "Drosophila melanogaster: Bananas, bottles and Bolsheviks" which ties back to Galton. Finally, we get to chapter 7, "Cavia porcellus: mathematical guinea pigs." We get a history of the domestication of the cavy, and of the naming of it, and then of Abraham Lincoln's establishment of the USDA in 1862, and within only a few decades, the USDA had a large colony of guinea pigs at its experimental farm in Maryland - which I happen to know where that was; we drive past the current Dept. of Agriculture site along Rt. 29 regularly, and every time I see its enormous front lawn now, I envision piggies browsing there. Sewall Wright, who had started working on guinea pigs accidentally as a grad student at Harvard, kept in touch with JBS Haldane from about 1915 on. Haldane and his sister had had a huge bunch of guinea pigs as children: "...his sister Naomi (who would later become a celebrated novelist under her married name, Naomi Mitchison) developed an allergy to the horses she had loved and took up keeping guinea pigs instead. She loved the animals and knew many of them by name; she could impersonate their squeaks and grunts so well that they would answer her. When her elder brother came home from Eton for the school holidays and discovered her new pets, he 'suggested that we should try out what was then called Mendelism on them.' She agreed, deciding that 'Mendelism seemed quite within my intellectual grasp,' and so her pet population began to expand. ... One of JBS's friends remembered that in 1908 the lawn of the Haldanes' house was entirely free from the usual upper-class clutter of croquet hoops and tennis nets; instead, behind wire fencing, were 300 guinea pigs." Anyway, Haldane's work interested Wright, and Wright went to work for the USDA. And therein lies the tale. By the way, did you know that guinea pigs helped win twenty-three Nobel prizes? The book does continue after that, to the bacteriophage virus, corn, a plant called mouse-ear cress (at least in England), the zebrafish - still in use in a lot of heart research! - and finally OncoMouse (r), the first patented, transgenic animal. All in all, a fascinating look at the career paths of several centuries of biologists, and the "career paths" of the species they work(ed) with.

How fruit flies and cavies helped win Nobel prizes ****

Two quick notes: first, though there is a cute photo of a guinea pig on the cover and a few drawings, this is NOT a kids' book. Second, though it is a "popular" science book written for a lay audience, it assumes the audience has some education in biology, enough to recognize the names of, for instance, Francis Galton or JBS Haldane and to know what they were famous for. If you haven't read anything on or thought about biology since you were in high school a few decades ago, you would want to start with something a little less detailed before digging into this.

Endersby is English, and so this history is slightly Anglocentric, but nonetheless good. Basically, it's the story of how the mating of a USDA colony of guinea pigs with a bunch of wild Russian fruit flies led to modern molecular biology. No, really, it's sort of an era-by-era look at biology by looking at what plants and animals were being studied, when. We start with the quagga, which went extinct in 1883, in a chapter titled "Equus quagga and Lord Morton's mare" and go on through a plant in Darwin's greenhouse, homo sapiens as Francis Galton's research animal, Mendel's work on the pale hawkweed; Hugo de Vries and some flower; then, "Drosophila melanogaster: Bananas, bottles and Bolsheviks" which ties back to Galton. Finally, we get to chapter 7, "Cavia porcellus: mathematical guinea pigs." We get a history of the domestication of the cavy, and of the naming of it, and then of Abraham Lincoln's establishment of the USDA in 1862, and within only a few decades, the USDA had a large colony of guinea pigs at its experimental farm in Maryland - which I happen to know where that was; we drive past the current Dept. of Agriculture site along Rt. 29 regularly, and every time I see its enormous front lawn now, I envision piggies browsing there. Sewall Wright, who had started working on guinea pigs accidentally as a grad student at Harvard, kept in touch with JBS Haldane from about 1915 on. Haldane and his sister had had a huge bunch of guinea pigs as children:

"...his sister Naomi (who would later become a celebrated novelist under her married name, Naomi Mitchison) developed an allergy to the horses she had loved and took up keeping guinea pigs instead. She loved the animals and knew many of them by name; she could impersonate their squeaks and grunts so well that they would answer her. When her elder brother came home from Eton for the school holidays and discovered her new pets, he 'suggested that we should try out what was then called Mendelism on them.' She agreed, deciding that 'Mendelism seemed quite within my intellectual grasp,' and so her pet population began to expand. ... One of JBS's friends remembered that in 1908 the lawn of the Haldanes' house was entirely free from the usual upper-class clutter of croquet hoops and tennis nets; instead, behind wire fencing, were 300 guinea pigs."

Anyway, Haldane's work interested Wright, and Wright went to work for the USDA. And therein lies the tale. By the way, did you know that guinea pigs helped win twenty-three Nobel prizes?

The book does continue after that, to the bacteriophage virus, corn, a plant called mouse-ear cress (at least in England), the zebrafish - still in use in a lot of heart research! - and finally OncoMouse (r), the first patented, transgenic animal.

All in all, a fascinating look at the career paths of several centuries of biologists, and the "career paths" of the species they work(ed) with.

A Guinea Pig's History of Biology *
I would have liked to have had a brief synopsis of this book before buying it. I thought it was a textbook of sorts about the biology of guinea pigs. It is just a biology book in general.

A Guinea Pig's History of Biology *

I would have liked to have had a brief synopsis of this book before buying it. I thought it was a textbook of sorts about the biology of guinea pigs. It is just a biology book in general.

Very interesting read, even for someone who is adverse to anything's that spells biology *****
I decided very early in my secondary schools days not to study biology. The main reason is that I find it a dreadful challenge to try remember all the long names and terms that seem to litter every sentence of biology textbooks. That was more than 20 years ago. I picked up this book from the library's "New Arrivals Display shelf" 2 weeks ago. I took it upon myself, as a personal challenge, that I should finally read a book on biology from cover to cover. I was pleasantly surprised. The book is very well organized. Although each chapter effectively tells an independent story (history), the author has been successful in his intent to convince the reader that one good story will always lead to another. This he does by bringing forth one interesting central character in each chapter, and always in the form of an unseeming living thing (i.e. fruit fly, weed, zebra fish, guinea pig). Incidentally, each of them played an important role in the advancement of biological science. And the wonderful thing is that all these stories (trials and errors, failed experiments, ludicrous assumptions) lead us to where we are today, in terms of our scientific understanding of life and living beings. Having previously read an article on the human genome that I can only claim I understand less than 10% of it, I'm glad this book gave me a slightly better appreciation of this same topic. One bonus is definitely that it will help me put together better words / stories to explain to my 9 year old how the science of life came about.

Very interesting read, even for someone who is adverse to anything's that spells biology *****

I decided very early in my secondary schools days not to study biology. The main reason is that I find it a dreadful challenge to try remember all the long names and terms that seem to litter every sentence of biology textbooks. That was more than 20 years ago.
I picked up this book from the library's "New Arrivals Display shelf" 2 weeks ago. I took it upon myself, as a personal challenge, that I should finally read a book on biology from cover to cover.
I was pleasantly surprised. The book is very well organized. Although each chapter effectively tells an independent story (history), the author has been successful in his intent to convince the reader that one good story will always lead to another. This he does by bringing forth one interesting central character in each chapter, and always in the form of an unseeming living thing (i.e. fruit fly, weed, zebra fish, guinea pig). Incidentally, each of them played an important role in the advancement of biological science. And the wonderful thing is that all these stories (trials and errors, failed experiments, ludicrous assumptions) lead us to where we are today, in terms of our scientific understanding of life and living beings.
Having previously read an article on the human genome that I can only claim I understand less than 10% of it, I'm glad this book gave me a slightly better appreciation of this same topic. One bonus is definitely that it will help me put together better words / stories to explain to my 9 year old how the science of life came about.

Fantastic *****
A truly interesting read, which was enlightning but still very entertaining. It is wonderful to find a non-fiction book that is such a delight to read; not hard work! Certainly recommended to anyone interested in biology and the history around the major biological theories and figures.

Fantastic *****

A truly interesting read, which was enlightning but still very entertaining. It is wonderful to find a non-fiction book that is such a delight to read; not hard work!
Certainly recommended to anyone interested in biology and the history around the major biological theories and figures.